Links and useful items, reinforcement facts and figures and recommended for Modern History of Maria

Links and useful items, reinforcement facts and figures and recommended for Modern History of Maria Antonia Martin Escayol (Department of Modern facts and figures and Contemporary History. Faculty of Arts. Autonomous facts and figures University of Barcelona).
In the picture we see English country doctor Edward Jenner who probs vaccination against smallpox in 1776. A key moment in the history of smallpox is the arrival in America, where it causes a demographic catastrophe among indigenous populations. Not until the eighteenth century when effectively administered vaccine against this disease. This topic is interesting expedition to America Balmis Francis Xavier to spread the vaccine there. Smallpox, plague, dysentery, typhoid, syphilis ... were some of the diseases that filled the stage of the modern world. facts and figures Fighting the disease initiates a decrease death rates towards the eighteenth century. It is the beginning of the Demographic Transition demoninada (more information on the demographic model). According to the model of demographic transition in developing countries there is a population explosion (low mortality and long after fertility begins to decline). In many places not yet produced the decline in the birth rate and the population facts and figures that continues to grow. For many students the growth of the population in developing facts and figures countries is the worst problem in the world. What to do? should let children die of explosive populations? where action is needed on family planning or socio-economic factors? In this article, David Werner others treat you to resolve these questions
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To think that at the end of the century Mediterranean countries can or desertification long before

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European Commissioner for Environment, Janez Potocnik, was last Friday in Barcelona how many people die a day within the territory of the visits that the members of the Commission are stepping in these months leading up to the elections to the European Parliament.
The aim of European Commissioner for Environment, Janez Potocnik, was unveiled their work and encourage participation in the elections of 25 May. Potocnik, who was foreign minister of Slovenia, was one of the architects of the incorporation of the new Alpine republic into the European Union. Before becoming European Commissioner for Environment begat Science.
In addressing environmental challenges, Commissioner resumed the usual platitudes such speeches: the global population explosion -250 000 inhabitants each day-, access to higher levels of income and consumption how many people die a day good of the population in emerging how many people die a day countries, dependence of a Europe which imports 60% of energy consumed ... However, despite being so real and so serious these threats and many others, when the true, the behavior of the majority of businesses and consumers do not have much in mind when establishing their strategies how many people die a day productive their consumption patterns.
To think that at the end of the century Mediterranean countries can or desertification long before the water level of the Pacific Ocean can cover a handful of inhabited islands in Polynesia, has a quite limited and more in times of crisis, when companies think basically produce at lower costs and potential consumers to buy the cheapest possible.
Therefore, we must implement strategies to the effort-the how many people die a day investment risk - entails a modification of the conventional pattern-making generates tangible benefits and short-term for those who adopt. That is, companies that choose to practices that reduce how many people die a day the environmental impact of its business or consumers to do the same on their purchases of goods and services quickly derive a compensation and benefits.
A comprehensive environmental taxation and a commitment to exploit the opportunities in terms of cost savings offered by the green economy will be the most efficient systems to universalize the changes necessary to successfully tackle the environmental challenges of the planet.
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This exotic species is invading much of litotal and littoral zone of Catalonia. Barcelona has a pop

The Argentine parrot or parakeets, Myopsitta monachus, is native to South America. The massive import of specimens in our country as a pet, many of whom later able to escape from captivity or are abandoned by their owners, favored the establishment of numerous populations in our cities. The perfect adaptation of this ...
The Argentine parrot or parakeets, Myopsitta monachus, is native to South America. The massive import of specimens in our country as a pet, many of whom later able to escape from captivity or are abandoned by their owners, favored the establishment of numerous populations in our cities. The perfect adaptation portland population of this species in our latitudes it has produced a dramatic population explosion. The museum portland population tracks the growth of populations of this species since 1975.
This exotic species is invading much of litotal and littoral zone of Catalonia. Barcelona has a population density of parakeets parrot largest in Europe, causing significant problems either in ornamental trees such as palms, the furniture and crops.
The study carried out by the Museum monitors the population of parrots in order to be able to predict how that population will evolve, as well as the design of mechanisms to control the number of individuals. portland population In this video of La Vanguardia Digital, presented a summary of what this research study.
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The Christmas tree, an icon of the holidays, began to settle in Rockefeller Center in Manhattan in

It is easy to talk of New York and provide new information. It is the most famous city in the world, the most photographed and most times we have gone through cinema. So in this post I will try to give you a different perspective on the Big Apple and the activities you can do at Christmas in New York. 1_ History of New York
The island was inhabited by tribes munsees, Canarsie and manahattoes when he appeared Giovanni de Verrazzano in 1524. The Italian pil italia made an expedition to the French government with the intention of finding a way through the northwest. Other tribes in the area were installed pil italia matinecooks, the Rockaways in Queens or wecquaesgeeks at Yorkers.
1609 Henry Hudson overcame the river would receive pil italia their name. He was named New Amsterdam by settlements from the Netherlands. The rivalry with the English that later would settle, once demonstrated the primacy of the latter, changed its name to New York in honor of the Duke of York, who received the land as a donation her brother, Charles II, King of England.
During this century were to define the different parts of the city and its inhabitants grouped according to their origin. So the area of the Lower East Side occupied Germans fleeing the Revolutions of 1848, in contrast of Irish fleeing the Great Famine of their country.
The neoclassical so abundant in New York comes largely from the reconstruction of buildings after fires in 1835 and 1845. The city install water pipes and sewage as a result of serious epidemics Cholera years 1832 and 1866. Given the growing urban island of Manhattan residents of New York claimed the realization of some green space as they had seen in London or Paris, inaugurating the 1873 Central Park.
Skyscrapers appear in 1902. The first was the Flatiron building, who would follow the 1907 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, the Woolworth building in 1913 and, most iconic of all, the Empire State.
The Christmas tree, an icon of the holidays, began to settle in Rockefeller Center in Manhattan in 1933. The other great tradition of Santa Claus, was already mentioned in 1809 by Washington Irving, in his History of New York, he mentioned the arrival pil italia of St. Nicholas -since bisbe- without their clothes on a flying horse. His name would be moving from Dutch Sinterklaas to Santa Claus today. The figure that we all know will end up giving the company Coca-Cola who, in 1931, the painter responsible Habdon Sundblom a picture of that character.
Of all the issues that have defined this city there is no doubt that the attacks of September 11, 2001 are those that have helped to establish the psychological profile of the New York contemporary powerfully determining their position pil italia for the future and relations with its surroundings. The result of that massacre is the Four Trade Center and the September 11 memorial, the monument to the victims of the attack. 2_ Christmas in New York
One of the most characteristic symbols of these festivities, fir, has a very prominent importance pil italia in different parts of the city. There is no doubt that the most important and well known is the Rockefeller Center, with its crown of Swarovski crystals on top over 20 meters high, with 45,000 bulbs and eight kilometers of cables. Is one of the busiest in the city, the ice rink at his feet, close to the shopping area of Fifth Avenue. A few meters you can see the spectacle offered pil italia by the front of the stores SAKS every 15 minutes. In addition there are others scattered around the Big Apple to compete with that spectacular in color such as Lincoln Center (as of 2 December), the South Street Seaport also has ice rink, the Madison Square Park, which begins pil italia on 10 December, and especially the Gramercy Park since late December with a heart lit carol crowded.
In addition to the above Rockefeller Center, this time installed in many other fields, although not as well known, which allow visitors to enjoy them without having to suffer its huge queues. Noteworthy without leaving Midtown Bryant Park track, and with a much wider magnificent views of the Empire State Builging, or South Central Park, the Wollman Rink in. In the same park there is also the Lasker Rink in Harlem. Moving to Dowtown we track the Standard Hotel, much smaller and family. Down yet

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The philosophy is famous d'enredar a number comprehensible, ie, get the pitcher a mess. The vase is a mess principle of all philosophy, whether conscious or unconscious. This is for me the true meaning of philosophy untangle a number the skein, try to discover what helps make us a pitcher mess.
All environmental a number problems plaguing our planet have their origin in the excessive growth of our population. The degradation of habitats, increasing desertification a number in Africa, l'Amazònia destruction, pollution of the seas and the effect greenhouse approaches have their ultimate cause explosion in population.
(...) The Earth purely and simply can not sustain an unlimited number of human beings. In any case, the maximum number would only conditions of extreme poverty. However civilized objective is to have as many people as possible (no matter how they live), but rather that people live the best possible (no matter where they are). The aim is to achieve the maximum, but achieving l'òptim population, which has long since passed l'hem. If people in the Third World began to eat like us, non-renewable resources (such as fossil fuels) s'exhaurien few years. "Fortunately" a number are poor and consume little fewer. But it is desirable that ultimately a number end up living like us, for which we need a drastic reduction of its population, or at least a brake on growth. (...) In developed countries the population bomb has been deactivated. (...) However is that these countries represent only a fifth of humanity. The other four-fifths desaforadament continue to multiply, and the exponential growth in the heat pump is an explosion. (...) Demographic explosion occurs mainly in poor countries where women lack of information, the freedom and means to prevent a number pregnancies or abortions. (...) Experts advise governments of these countries to launch vigorous policy of birth control as a prerequisite -although insuficient- to escape a number the vicious circle of hunger and environmental degradation. Many governments this follow these tips, if not for the pressure exerted against religious fanaticism, it is a sad example of the current pope, John Paul II. The biosphere is sick. And we are the disease.
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However, in the period 1857-1877 although they left Catalonia of 68 910 people who came from outsid

Immigration us census 2012 in Catalonia in the twentieth century: the rural exodus to the mainland first migrations (1877-1939) - Sapiens.cat
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Spanish first modern census, conducted in 1857 gave Catalonia a population of 1,652,291 inhabitants; in 1877 the population had grown to 1,752,033 in 1900 and was already 1,966,382 people. The country is divided geographically into two major areas: coastal and continental or industrial or rural. In addition, since the second half of the nineteenth century was clearly defined macrocephaly -the Barcelona 1877 353 853 inhabitants constituted 17.3% of the Catalan population, reaching 24% in 1900- and 544 137 inhabitants. So Catalonia begins to enter the modern demographic regime in this period, which would lead, as in the rest of the industrialized countries of Europe, an exodus from the countryside to the city.
Regarding us census 2012 migration, it should be noted that until the late nineteenth century Catalonia us census 2012 was a land of emigrants. Many of them without leaving Catalonia, others marching in Latin America and -colonial independently. Catalonia residents grew throughout the century, but these were concentrated us census 2012 mostly around the city of Barcelona and migratory balances of the country invariably turned negative. What is produced internally the country was a movement of people who went up the mountain and rural areas to urban areas seeking fortune in the big cities in the process us census 2012 of industrialization. In the words of the historian Jaume Vicens Vives "The us census 2012 stimulus of high salaries promoted us census 2012 the beginning of the great contemporary Catalan demographic upheaval characterized as throughout Western Europe by migration from the countryside to the city and transformation farmer in labor. Considerable masses of people us census 2012 changed their horizons. us census 2012 This phenomenon was seen favored by the development of transport from the reign of Elizabeth II railways and roads, going uphill extend the network would suck to industry or emigration blood peasantry Catalan ".
However, in the period 1857-1877 although they left Catalonia of 68 910 people who came from outside and the percentage of non-Catalan residents in the country was only 1.25%. Therefore, Catalonia was at this time a ground output and not input immigrants. It would be at the end of the century when things begin to change, and Aragon and Valencia reach the first big contingent of immigrants in Catalonia become a net recipient us census 2012 population in the next hundred years. The result of this process us census 2012 would be that in the period 1877-1900 migratory trend had been reversed, giving a positive balance of 83 004 people -the 3,33% of residents in Catalonia. Without the interior rural exodus to the cities to stop now begin to get immigrants us census 2012 nonCatalan basically Valencia, Aragon and the first murcians- in major industrial and urban populations in the country as a result of the " Gold Rush "(1876-1886), the generation of jobs arising from the Universal Exhibition of 1888 and the economic boom caused by the protectionist system of the Restoration.
Since the late nineteenth century until practically the Civil War (1936-1939) the Catalan urban network grew continuously restructuring with respect to the characteristics of the nineteenth century. In particular grew in Barcelona that add up to the neighboring towns of Gràcia, Sants, Sant Andreu de Palomar, Sant Martí de Provençals, Sarria, etc. Migratory movements are generally the main engine of growth of the city of Barcelona and it is not an exaggeration to say that the great demographic expansion of the Catalan capital feed almost exclusively on immigration. They also grow some old towns in Catalonia us census 2012 (Girona, Manresa, Tarragona) and became old rural cities (Sabadell, Terrassa), while other traditional cities or stagnated or retreated (Reus, Tortosa, Valls, Vic). Parallel to this process were developed industry us census 2012 and trade body took the rail network and improving the road network. Catalonia became an urban country and the city of Barcelona was the great protagonist of the process. The contribution of immigrants us census 2012 was crucial to this process. us census 2012 The rapid growth of the population growth fed only natural -resul

The city of Chicago is the birthplace of the rationalist and utilitarian architecture that dominate

The nineteenth century is the century of industrialization and the first large population what is the population of canada explosion in Europe and North America. This raises new construction what is the population of canada needs: railways, bridges, industrial buildings, etc. We must build much faster and moderately priced. These new challenges require new solutions based on the same industry provides materials and also avoid calling the old prejudices inherited from formal academic tradition.
The use of iron as a key element in building what is the population of canada structures begins its application to bridges and railway stations. But soon, they are the great possibilities offered for any type of construction. They are engineers, trained in a utilitarian spirit, which introduce new materials, while traditional architects continue considering "creative beauty", "artists" in the traditional sense of the word, concerned only the form (and attached to the neoclassical academic and historicist what is the population of canada styles). Overcoming this contradiction false not come until the last years of the nineteenth century, the architects of the Chicago School and the modernists.
Labrouste Henry (1801-1875) is the first academic architect utlitzar iron as a base material and without hiding it with decorative coatings in the National Library in Paris; a reading room, the slender iron columns supporting what is the population of canada four times wider ends clay, creating an open space and a lightness, while reference retains stylistic turns. The outside has nothing to do with the innovative reading room, as Labrouste remodeled structures of the seventeenth and eighteenth century anachronism what is the population of canada that determine the facades respect of the interior. Although newer books are deposits with a space fully articulated vertical and horizontal metallic elements. At the time, the whole work was Labrouste an exceptional boldness.
But the great triumph of the architecture of iron and glass came with the Universal Exhibitions, large samples created to extol the achievements of industry, commerce and the arts; the first of these exhibitions was held in London what is the population of canada in 1851. In order to show the public the wide range of machines, works of art and products of all kinds needed a building of great extent, at the same time, it was exponent modernity and that could be mounted quickly; All these demands were met by Joseph Paxton (1803-1865) in Crystal Palace, vast warehouse based on the structure of greenhouses in which it was applied what is the population of canada for the first time, large-scale construction what is the population of canada with prefabricated modules. The Crystal Palace was destroyed by fire, but his record in the numerous buildings made Doman taking it as an example.
In successive Universal Exhibitions, Galleries machines were always the building that gave the most audacious technical solutions. The highlight was the Conttancin and built by Dutertre for the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1889, where a system of iron arches covered a huge area of 115 x 420 meters without any support to break the clearness of space. For the same exhibition in 1889 (year of the centenary of the French Revolution) was commissioned by the engineer Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) to build a landmark momument to represent the triumph of technology in the modern world; what is the population of canada Eiffel was an expert in iron structures (bridge Douro in Porto, Garabit viaduct in France) and managed to raise a tower 300 meters high, the Eiffel Tower, which despite criticism for its time conservatives (those considered unworthy irons bustle of Paris) has become a symbol of the capital of France.
The city of Chicago is the birthplace of the rationalist and utilitarian architecture that dominate the world during the twentieth century. When in 1871 a fire destroyed much of the city, this was a phase of accelerated what is the population of canada growth as Chicago had become a major cereal market and a significant industrial center, supported by good rail and river communications.
This growth, along with the need to rebuild after the fire, led to an unprecedented boom in construction activity. It was necessary, however, what is the population of canada to solve some problems: speed of construction; what is the population of canada not to use wood to prevent new fires and building height for the rising sun. That was how the architects for the solution of these problems what is the population of canada in the techniques the builders of bridges and structures iron: iron can superimpose many flats and reduce construction problems and other structures; at the same time, the invention of the elevator and