For Russia retrospective calculations are possible only from the XVII century. When there is a mass

Study of Population Problems of Ancient Russia, a major contribution is made NA Highland, due to the decision of the many and varied questions, and answers only some of them can be sufficiently definite character, on the other - part-time or suspected, to find answers to all others can not. Reason - in the absence of the necessary sources, which would allow to determine the boundaries of the settlement, the items stay, the number of households in these settlements, the number living in the yards of people characterize inhabitants by gender, age, ethnic, social, labor and industries property, professional and other characteristics. Therefore, researchers demographic processes early time to resort to retrospective calculations and specifications or to disseminate specific calculations and observations of the composition of the inhabitants of a particular item or area on a large population of space.
For Russia retrospective calculations are possible only from the XVII century. When there is a massive cadastral documentation as scribe and census books. Such descriptions begin in the XV century. (E.g. Novgorod) in XVI in. cover a large part of the Russian state, but not all. Only the description of the XVII century. in terms of territory and its preservation possible to obtain representative data that can be used to characterize the population of earlier periods. It should be borne in mind that the area fixed in the scribal descriptions XVI-XVII centuries, is not identical to the territory of the ancient Russian state IX-XI centuries. and lands Russian labor and industries principalities XII - the first third XIII centuries. Over a period of 800-400 years such changes occur (the devastation of certain regions as a result of large-scale and long wars, migration labor and industries to other places, intensive development labor and industries of the old lands, the colonization of new territories, and so on. N.), Which hardly possible to reconstruct human space IX -HIII centuries respectively characterize lived there for at least naselenie.Tem method for determining labor and industries the population of the early period at a much later demographics should not be ignored in the study of the question of population of ancient Russia.
Direct evidence sources IX-XIII centuries. the population of Russia labor and industries is very rare, so we have to use not only them, but also to resort to indirect data. So, in the annals extremely rarely mentioned boundary (line) principalities, for example, in the early chronicles - the only time in the story about the events of 1098 as the dividing boundary between Przemysl-Terebovl and Vladimir-Volyn lands. In the absence of specific evidence sources approximate border between the kingdoms has to be installed by mapping the peripheral settlements, mentioned labor and industries in ancient written records. Thus defined and areas of resettlement of residents in those or other principalities. The population of the settlements established labor and industries themselves also indirectly on the basis of the data obtained has archaeological science. Size preserved to the present day settlement allows you to talk on the estimated number of households on it, and the size of the yard - the number of their inhabitants. Here, however, it is necessary to take into account all sorts of nuances.
Characteristics of the population living on his mounds and Selishchev, t. E. The division of the population into urban and rural, is feasible only to a certain extent. Urban population can live in a place and unfortified (Beloozero) and rural - in a fortified (Novgorod Molvotitsy later near Moscow Borisov et al.). There is a set of criteria by which the urban population can be distinguished from agriculture. In particular, the AV Cuza at one time offered to characterize archaeological city in the following parameters: 1) the presence of craft workshops, trade signs (imported goods, money, labor and industries scales), labor and industries crafts; 2) the presence of administration (printing, stamps); 3) items of military equipment; 4) a monumental stone architecture; 5) writing labor and industries (epigraphy, writing, book clasps); 6) expensive household items (jewelry, dishes and utensils); 7) the presence of estates in urban areas 1. With such openable archaeological science signs of urban settlements which distinguish it from agriculture, in principle, possible to agree. In the study of cities is not always to be taken for the area of the town populated urban area. For example, Mr. Torchesk, located near the Kiev on the left bank of the river. Gorohovatki, left tributary of the river. Rosie in the land of nomads Torquay, had fortifications, covers an area of 90 hectares. For Russian medieval town is a very vast area, it is, for example, twice the size of Galich, the capital labor and industries of a major ancient kingdoms (size Galich fort - 45 ha). One would think that in the XII century. near Kiev, a new major city in the land of Torquay, subordinate Kiev princes. However, behind the walls Torchesk in case of military danger is not sheltered